Micron Document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Eigenmode</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenmode"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.math.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Eigenmode rootpage-Eigenmode skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eigenmode</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Eigenmoden</b> oder <b>Normalmoden</b> sind spezielle Bewegungen eines <a href="Schwingungsf%C3%A4higes_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwingungsfähiges System">schwingungsfähigen Systems</a>. Es handelt sich – neben der <a href="Gleichf%C3%B6rmige_Bewegung" title="Gleichförmige Bewegung">gleichförmigen Bewegung</a> des ganzen Systems – um diejenigen periodischen Bewegungen, bei denen alle Komponenten des Systems die gleiche Frequenz zeigen, wenn das System nach einer Anregung sich selbst überlassen bleibt. Eine solche Frequenz wird als <b>Eigenfrequenz</b> des Systems bezeichnet, die entsprechende Eigenmode auch als <b>Eigenschwingung</b>, denn bei kleinen Amplituden sind es ungedämpfte <a href="Harmonische_Schwingung" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonische Schwingung">harmonische Schwingungen</a>. Jede Bewegung des Systems kann als eine <a href="Superposition_(Physik)" title="Superposition (Physik)">Überlagerung</a> von verschiedenen Eigenmoden dargestellt werden. Die Anzahl verschiedener Eigenmoden ist gleich der Anzahl der <a href="Freiheitsgrad" title="Freiheitsgrad">Freiheitsgrade</a> des Systems.
</p><p>Die Eigenmoden und -frequenzen eines Systems hängen davon ab, aus welchen Bestandteilen das System aufgebaut ist und wie diese aufeinander einwirken. Die Eigenfrequenzen der <a href="Saite" title="Saite">Saite</a> eines Musikinstruments werden beispielsweise durch ihre Länge, ihr Material und ihre mechanische Spannung bestimmt. Ähnliches gilt für alle schwingungsfähigen Systeme.
</p><p>Das Wort Eigenmode leitet sich ab vom englischen <i>Mode</i> oder lateinischen <i>Modus</i>, was in beiden Fällen etwa „Art und Weise“ bedeutet, und von <a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwert</a>, einem Begriff aus der <a href="Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a>. In der Sichtweise der theoretischen Physik bilden die Eigenmoden nämlich eine diskrete <a href="Basis_(Vektorraum)" title="Basis (Vektorraum)">Basis</a>, mit der alle dem System möglichen Bewegungen dargestellt werden können. Die Eigenmoden und Eigenfrequenzen ergeben sich aus den <a href="Bewegungsgleichung" title="Bewegungsgleichung">Bewegungsgleichungen</a> des Systems als <a href="Eigenvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenvektor">Eigenvektoren</a> bzw. Eigenwerte dieses Gleichungssystems. Die gleichförmige Bewegung wird als eine Eigenmode mit der Frequenz Null dargestellt.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theorie">Theorie</h2></div>
<p>Die <a href="Lagrangefunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangefunktion">Lagrangefunktion</a> eines Systems mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> Freiheitsgraden sei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\dots ,q_{f},{\dot {q}}_{1},\dots ,{\dot {q}}_{f})={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}m_{ij}(q_{1},\dots ,q_{f}){\dot {q}}_{i}{\dot {q}}_{j}-U(q_{1},\dots ,q_{f})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\dots ,q_{f},{\dot {q}}_{1},\dots ,{\dot {q}}_{f})={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}m_{ij}(q_{1},\dots ,q_{f}){\dot {q}}_{i}{\dot {q}}_{j}-U(q_{1},\dots ,q_{f})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e102bc816f75e5701d9e6bf8920e9b5b7705ccf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:68.775ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\dots ,q_{f},{\dot {q}}_{1},\dots ,{\dot {q}}_{f})={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}m_{ij}(q_{1},\dots ,q_{f}){\dot {q}}_{i}{\dot {q}}_{j}-U(q_{1},\dots ,q_{f})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd6f1bb2d6548dca472922bcbcb77e7ad3a5b4df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.518ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Massenmatrix und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> das Potential ist. Bei der Näherung der Lagrangefunktion bis in zweiter Ordnung um die Gleichgewichtskoordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q^{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q^{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa24b9c8c20b03f9d3548f8e61cf9845a45bcdd6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.134ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q^{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Vernachlässigung des konstanten Terms wird dies zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}m_{ij}(q_{1}^{0},\dots ,q_{f}^{0}){\dot {q}}_{i}{\dot {q}}_{j}-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}{\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial q_{i}\partial q_{j}}}{\bigg |}_{q_{i,j}=q_{i,j}^{0}}(q_{i}-q_{i}^{0})(q_{j}-q_{j}^{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>U</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}m_{ij}(q_{1}^{0},\dots ,q_{f}^{0}){\dot {q}}_{i}{\dot {q}}_{j}-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}{\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial q_{i}\partial q_{j}}}{\bigg |}_{q_{i,j}=q_{i,j}^{0}}(q_{i}-q_{i}^{0})(q_{j}-q_{j}^{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c1d19c290706ee01c1841f5e00c4a955c3f8d9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:71.271ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}m_{ij}(q_{1}^{0},\dots ,q_{f}^{0}){\dot {q}}_{i}{\dot {q}}_{j}-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}{\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial q_{i}\partial q_{j}}}{\bigg |}_{q_{i,j}=q_{i,j}^{0}}(q_{i}-q_{i}^{0})(q_{j}-q_{j}^{0})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>respektive mit der Koordinatentransformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=q-q^{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=q-q^{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c95e0a430f8e16a44dc92f002cbc4b7902ce5ec0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.472ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=q-q^{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und den Abkürzungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{ij}=T_{ji}=m_{ij}(q_{1}^{0},\dots ,q_{f}^{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{ij}=T_{ji}=m_{ij}(q_{1}^{0},\dots ,q_{f}^{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef3b2a817874ff19b98fe9eda717f82dd19d012f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:26.678ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{ij}=T_{ji}=m_{ij}(q_{1}^{0},\dots ,q_{f}^{0})}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{ij}=V_{ji}=\partial ^{2}U/\partial q_{i}\partial q_{j}|_{q_{i,j}=q_{i,j}^{0}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{ij}=V_{ji}=\partial ^{2}U/\partial q_{i}\partial q_{j}|_{q_{i,j}=q_{i,j}^{0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8546e2241a07b1e394e4d14d59d1296b000e4c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:30.341ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{ij}=V_{ji}=\partial ^{2}U/\partial q_{i}\partial q_{j}|_{q_{i,j}=q_{i,j}^{0}}}" loading="lazy"></span> kurz
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}\left(T_{ij}{\dot {x}}_{i}{\dot {x}}_{j}-V_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}\left(T_{ij}{\dot {x}}_{i}{\dot {x}}_{j}-V_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48fa3b61d6fce71958514d861f75f82e5934b16f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:30.311ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}\left(T_{ij}{\dot {x}}_{i}{\dot {x}}_{j}-V_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aus den <a href="Lagrangegleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangegleichung">Lagrangegleichungen</a> ergeben sich die Bewegungsgleichungen des Systems
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{f}T_{ij}{\ddot {x}}_{j}=-\sum _{j=1}^{f}V_{ij}x_{j}\Leftrightarrow T{\ddot {x}}=-Vx}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{f}T_{ij}{\ddot {x}}_{j}=-\sum _{j=1}^{f}V_{ij}x_{j}\Leftrightarrow T{\ddot {x}}=-Vx}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de94f911d56c24e2eeace7cd3ead48430992f289.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:37.527ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{f}T_{ij}{\ddot {x}}_{j}=-\sum _{j=1}^{f}V_{ij}x_{j}\Leftrightarrow T{\ddot {x}}=-Vx}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei sowohl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> als auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\times f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\times f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ce0949d5962f4ced1989ffc289714814bace945.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\times f}" loading="lazy"></span>-Matrizen und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionaler Vektor ist. Da die kinetische Energie immer größer als Null ist, ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Positiv_definit" class="mw-redirect" title="Positiv definit">positiv definit</a>. Damit sich das System in einem <a href="Stabiles_Gleichgewicht" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabiles Gleichgewicht">stabilen</a> oder <a href="Indifferentes_Gleichgewicht" class="mw-redirect" title="Indifferentes Gleichgewicht">indifferenten Gleichgewicht</a> befindet, muss <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> positiv semidefinit sein. Insbesondere sind daher alle Eigenwerte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> nichtnegativ.
</p><p>Der Lösungsansatz der Gleichung lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)=A\exp(-\mathrm {i} \omega t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)=A\exp(-\mathrm {i} \omega t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37f12e066520b24f7acad1709fb35e7c157ba7c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.309ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)=A\exp(-\mathrm {i} \omega t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dies führt auf das <a href="Verallgemeinertes_Eigenwertproblem" title="Verallgemeinertes Eigenwertproblem">verallgemeinerte Eigenwertproblem</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (V-\omega ^{2}T)A=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (V-\omega ^{2}T)A=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0fb4601f9dee4b4ef6aec90bd31ac28e2414e86.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.577ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (V-\omega ^{2}T)A=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Um dieses nichttrivial zu lösen, muss die <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det(V-\omega ^{2}T)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \det(V-\omega ^{2}T)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4bf776eb6432e0f71d4b217c13b1e037eac948d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.803ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \det(V-\omega ^{2}T)}" loading="lazy"></span> verschwinden. Diese ist das <a href="Charakteristisches_Polynom" title="Charakteristisches Polynom">charakteristische Polynom</a> vom Grad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fc60ab391d9835017f0778767fb25a54402d20f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> und besitzt daher <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> Nullstellen. Die <a href="Symmetrische_Matrix" title="Symmetrische Matrix">Symmetrie</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> sorgt dafür, dass die Eigenwerte alle reell sind, siehe <a href="Spektralzerlegung_(Mathematik)" title="Spektralzerlegung (Mathematik)">Spektralzerlegung (Mathematik)</a>, und diese sind zudem nichtnegativ, wegen der positiven (Semi-)Definitheit der beteiligten Matrizen. Physikalisch kann dies wie folgt interpretiert werden: Angenommen, es gäbe eine Nullstelle im Negativen oder Komplexen, dann würde <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> einen Imaginärteil besitzen und die Lösung divergieren. Dies steht im Widerspruch zur Annahme des stabilen Gleichgewichts.
</p><p>Die (positiven) Wurzeln der Nullstellen des Polynoms
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P^{(f)}(\omega ^{2})=\det(V-\omega ^{2}T)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P^{(f)}(\omega ^{2})=\det(V-\omega ^{2}T)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad4e3a0f3f16c850b4e8425807e6cb221d055577.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.448ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P^{(f)}(\omega ^{2})=\det(V-\omega ^{2}T)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>sind die Eigenfrequenzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e636bf7531cecd91206a36f038cf869e7934932.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.535ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Systems, das durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben wird. Ein System mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> Freiheitsgraden besitzt daher maximal <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> Eigenfrequenzen.
</p><p>Die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> Eigenschwingungen des Systems sind die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Eigenvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenvektor">Eigenvektoren</a> des Eigenwertproblems, die die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (V-\omega _{k}^{2}T)A^{(k)}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (V-\omega _{k}^{2}T)A^{(k)}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff043fcc0f1703e1065a39967a0a5ddde71858e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.98ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (V-\omega _{k}^{2}T)A^{(k)}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erfüllen. Insbesondere ist jedes Vielfache eines Eigenvektors auch ein Eigenvektor. Das bedeutet, diese können normiert und mit einer komplexen Konstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d2f8052630e67b00d04e3487e1d68ed7070470b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.096ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> multipliziert werden.
</p><p>Fallen mehrere Eigenfrequenzen zusammen, dann hat die Gleichung nicht vollen <a href="Rang_(Lineare_Algebra)" title="Rang (Lineare Algebra)">Rang</a> und einige Komponenten der zugehörigen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{(k)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{(k)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2e474e1dda10a404546f9996c13d0aaa4cab07b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.111ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{(k)}}" loading="lazy"></span> können frei gewählt werden. Hat die Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> einen Eigenwert null, liegt ein indifferentes Gleichgewicht vor. Dann ist auch eine Eigenfrequenz des Systems Null. In diesem Fall lautet die Eigenwertgleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46fb346fd9f1d2b5e2fabeee122a7d3205d0844f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, sodass die Lösung eine gleichförmige Bewegung des Systems ist.
</p><p>Die allgemeine Lösung des Gleichungssystems für die Schwingung des Systems ist eine <a href="Superposition_(Physik)" title="Superposition (Physik)">Superposition</a> seiner Eigenschwingungen und gegebenenfalls einer gleichförmigen Bewegung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)=\sum _{k=1 \atop \omega _{k}\neq 0}^{f}\operatorname {Re} \left(c_{k}A^{(k)}\exp(-\mathrm {i} \omega _{k}t)\right)+\sum _{k=1 \atop \omega _{k}=0}^{f}A^{(k)}\left(x_{k}^{0}+C_{k}t\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)=\sum _{k=1 \atop \omega _{k}\neq 0}^{f}\operatorname {Re} \left(c_{k}A^{(k)}\exp(-\mathrm {i} \omega _{k}t)\right)+\sum _{k=1 \atop \omega _{k}=0}^{f}A^{(k)}\left(x_{k}^{0}+C_{k}t\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f401b4bc9f489983edff80f4cee7117bd0ec6edd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:57.315ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)=\sum _{k=1 \atop \omega _{k}\neq 0}^{f}\operatorname {Re} \left(c_{k}A^{(k)}\exp(-\mathrm {i} \omega _{k}t)\right)+\sum _{k=1 \atop \omega _{k}=0}^{f}A^{(k)}\left(x_{k}^{0}+C_{k}t\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für jeden Freiheitsgrad existieren daher entweder 2 reelle oder 1 komplexer freier Parameter. Es ergeben sich somit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/94db27c460d052be2d0399b3c23308ffac4051be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.441ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2f}" loading="lazy"></span> Konstanten, die durch <a href="Anfangsbedingung" title="Anfangsbedingung">Anfangsbedingungen</a> festgelegt werden müssen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normalkoordinaten">Normalkoordinaten</h3></div>
<p>Die Normalkoordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> des Systems sind definiert als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=a^{-1}x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=a^{-1}x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/daa1bed7241ea9893430fcc5161d03e051d360d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.829ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=a^{-1}x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=\left({A_{i}}^{(k)}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=\left({A_{i}}^{(k)}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7572b37447e8ad59fabb00164a6eeeb6d3ca601.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.015ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=\left({A_{i}}^{(k)}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist, also die Matrix der Eigenvektoren. Diese Matrix der Eigenvektoren diagonalisiert sowohl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> als auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span>, denn aus der Symmetrie von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(\omega _{k}^{2}-\omega _{l}^{2}\right)\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}T_{ij}a_{il}a_{jk}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(\omega _{k}^{2}-\omega _{l}^{2}\right)\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}T_{ij}a_{il}a_{jk}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d918dac6145904979455d04608ee2171b7307f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:27.193ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(\omega _{k}^{2}-\omega _{l}^{2}\right)\sum _{i,j=1}^{f}T_{ij}a_{il}a_{jk}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>sodass für alle nicht entarteten Eigenwerte alle Nichtdiagonalelemente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{\mathrm {T} }Ta}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{\mathrm {T} }Ta}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75d52bcf3097313a1043b2af5edbf675b07f34f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.515ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{\mathrm {T} }Ta}" loading="lazy"></span> verschwinden müssen. Eine entsprechende Normierung der Eigenvektoren führt auf die <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalitätsrelation</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{\mathrm {T} }Ta=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{\mathrm {T} }Ta=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e44ee91356d6c83e5740a71d9aaa0a3141fe5c26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.776ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{\mathrm {T} }Ta=1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für entartete Eigenwerte können die Eigenvektoren ebenfalls so gewählt werden, dass diese Matrix diagonal wird. Ebenfalls kann gezeigt werden, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> diagonalisiert. Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda =\left(\omega _{k}^{2}\delta _{kl}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda =\left(\omega _{k}^{2}\delta _{kl}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55d24d9642e3ab6b20fedf54c85d2f6d1f895696.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.729ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda =\left(\omega _{k}^{2}\delta _{kl}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> kann die Bewegungsgleichung als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Va=Ta\lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Va=Ta\lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ea347e2b179a7080cbc22acff819c4d872c414f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Va=Ta\lambda }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>geschrieben werden, sodass die Behauptung durch Multiplikation mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{\mathrm {T} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{\mathrm {T} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f24bd4a8c4da00e0aa36ee486983a415c5ebaadf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.649ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{\mathrm {T} }}" loading="lazy"></span> von links direkt folgt.
</p><p>Somit entkoppelt eine Koordinatentransformation von den Auslenkungen aus der Gleichgewichtslage <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> in die Normalkoordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> mittels <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=aQ}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=aQ}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3fade6267917af0457e4aded6fc0004be7a70d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.496ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=aQ}" loading="lazy"></span> das Gleichungssystem, denn es gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\dot {x}}^{\mathrm {T} }T{\dot {x}}-x^{\mathrm {T} }Vx\right)={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\dot {Q}}^{\mathrm {T} }{\dot {Q}}-Q^{\mathrm {T} }\lambda Q\right)={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{k}\left({\dot {Q}}_{k}^{2}-\omega _{k}^{2}Q_{k}^{2}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\dot {x}}^{\mathrm {T} }T{\dot {x}}-x^{\mathrm {T} }Vx\right)={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\dot {Q}}^{\mathrm {T} }{\dot {Q}}-Q^{\mathrm {T} }\lambda Q\right)={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{k}\left({\dot {Q}}_{k}^{2}-\omega _{k}^{2}Q_{k}^{2}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bcf8df031ad78c3d58e29ac48a60497ac8f2bcb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:69.494ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\dot {x}}^{\mathrm {T} }T{\dot {x}}-x^{\mathrm {T} }Vx\right)={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\dot {Q}}^{\mathrm {T} }{\dot {Q}}-Q^{\mathrm {T} }\lambda Q\right)={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{k}\left({\dot {Q}}_{k}^{2}-\omega _{k}^{2}Q_{k}^{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Insbesondere ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{k}=\operatorname {Re} \left(c_{k}\exp(-\mathrm {i} \omega _{k}t)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{k}=\operatorname {Re} \left(c_{k}\exp(-\mathrm {i} \omega _{k}t)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a4ebc76fdb5fff16d025c4251152392f4d567d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.251ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{k}=\operatorname {Re} \left(c_{k}\exp(-\mathrm {i} \omega _{k}t)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federpendel">Federpendel</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Federpendel" title="Federpendel">Federpendel</a></i></div>
<p>Ein Federpendel ist ein System, an dem eine Masse an einer Feder aufgehängt ist und das sich nur in eine Dimension bewegen kann. Es besitzt also nur einen einzigen Freiheitsgrad, die <a href="Auslenkung" title="Auslenkung">Auslenkung</a> aus der <a href="Ruhelage" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhelage">Ruhelage</a>. Für das Federpendel gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27bf18eed884527e2847bb9d938472c87019d7b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.81ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=D}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c214a55d5d4b1666a6b5eff4d607630ef16ff898.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=m}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Federkonstante" title="Federkonstante">Federkonstante</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> die Masse ist. Daher vereinfacht sich die Matrixgleichung auf eine <a href="Skalar_(Mathematik)" title="Skalar (Mathematik)">skalare</a> Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (D-\omega ^{2}m)A=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (D-\omega ^{2}m)A=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5e2d5003eddbad0462c7e37582dc1a3962b2f9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.118ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (D-\omega ^{2}m)A=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit einem Polynom ersten Grades in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fc60ab391d9835017f0778767fb25a54402d20f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P(\omega ^{2})=\det \left(D-\omega ^{2}m\right)=D-\omega ^{2}m=0\Leftrightarrow \omega ^{2}={\frac {D}{m}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>D</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P(\omega ^{2})=\det \left(D-\omega ^{2}m\right)=D-\omega ^{2}m=0\Leftrightarrow \omega ^{2}={\frac {D}{m}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4f9a74da9a80e60ce01362e7acd0f8d8511d735.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:52.958ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P(\omega ^{2})=\det \left(D-\omega ^{2}m\right)=D-\omega ^{2}m=0\Leftrightarrow \omega ^{2}={\frac {D}{m}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und einem Eigenvektor
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9c93fa532d5efee9437dc500521e334e7ea26a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.004ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=1}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Lösung ist also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)=\operatorname {Re} \left(c\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\sqrt {\frac {D}{m}}}t\right)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>D</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)=\operatorname {Re} \left(c\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\sqrt {\frac {D}{m}}}t\right)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8522b6f68102f992386db38f0bf3ddd5b1d30bfd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:30.104ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)=\operatorname {Re} \left(c\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\sqrt {\frac {D}{m}}}t\right)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CO2-Molekül"><span id="CO2-Molek.C3.BCl"></span>CO<sub>2</sub>-Molekül</h3></div>
<p>In erster Näherung kann ein <a href="Kohlendioxid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohlendioxid">Kohlendioxid</a>-Molekül als drei Massen angesehen werden, von denen die äußeren beiden identischen Massen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{O}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{O}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2dd400495f3e0f7aa9ac387558873f9315ca70a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.527ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{O}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der mittleren Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{C}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{C}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6126527893064a1341f2329736d8843be72d398.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.522ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{C}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch Federn verbunden sind. Da die Bindungen beide gleichartig sind, sind die Federkonstanten beide <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Indizes seien so gewählt, dass die Atome von links nach rechts durchnummeriert seien und es sei ferner angenommen, dass sich das Molekül nur entlang der Molekülachse bewegen könne, das heißt, es werden nur <a href="Valenzschwingung" class="mw-redirect" title="Valenzschwingung">Valenz-</a>, aber keine <a href="Deformationsschwingung" class="mw-redirect" title="Deformationsschwingung">Deformationsschwingungen</a> berücksichtigt. Daher existieren drei Freiheitsgrade des Systems: Die Entfernungen der drei Massen von ihrer Gleichgewichtslage.
Dann gilt mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\begin{pmatrix}m_{O}&amp;&amp;\\&amp;m_{C}&amp;\\&amp;&amp;m_{O}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\begin{pmatrix}m_{O}&amp;&amp;\\&amp;m_{C}&amp;\\&amp;&amp;m_{O}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d234ddf9f8a0b2374d9cb30745d1934e5f04fb30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:24.773ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\begin{pmatrix}m_{O}&amp;&amp;\\&amp;m_{C}&amp;\\&amp;&amp;m_{O}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=D{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;-1&amp;\\-1&amp;2&amp;-1\\&amp;-1&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=D{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;-1&amp;\\-1&amp;2&amp;-1\\&amp;-1&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee6e9686ee34416e3585fda8c669b00cf3bb9758.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:25.185ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=D{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;-1&amp;\\-1&amp;2&amp;-1\\&amp;-1&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für die Determinante des Systems
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P^{(k)}(\omega ^{2})=\omega ^{2}(D-\omega ^{2}m_{O})(\omega ^{2}m_{C}m_{O}-D(2m_{O}+m_{C}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P^{(k)}(\omega ^{2})=\omega ^{2}(D-\omega ^{2}m_{O})(\omega ^{2}m_{C}m_{O}-D(2m_{O}+m_{C}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/09ca6dca78a7132e77e5f806e2367326d0b86d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:55.681ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P^{(k)}(\omega ^{2})=\omega ^{2}(D-\omega ^{2}m_{O})(\omega ^{2}m_{C}m_{O}-D(2m_{O}+m_{C}))}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dessen drei Nullstellen liegen bei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}^{2}=0,\qquad \omega _{2}^{2}={\frac {D}{m_{O}}},\qquad \omega _{3}^{2}={\frac {D}{m_{O}}}\left(1+2{\frac {m_{O}}{m_{C}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>D</mi>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>D</mi>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}^{2}=0,\qquad \omega _{2}^{2}={\frac {D}{m_{O}}},\qquad \omega _{3}^{2}={\frac {D}{m_{O}}}\left(1+2{\frac {m_{O}}{m_{C}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a32712de84178315879c5070e3c5678dedcd2cf4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:51.378ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}^{2}=0,\qquad \omega _{2}^{2}={\frac {D}{m_{O}}},\qquad \omega _{3}^{2}={\frac {D}{m_{O}}}\left(1+2{\frac {m_{O}}{m_{C}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und die Eigenvektoren sind
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{(1)}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}},\qquad A^{(2)}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix}},\qquad A^{(3)}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\-2m_{O}/m_{C}\\1\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{(1)}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}},\qquad A^{(2)}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix}},\qquad A^{(3)}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\-2m_{O}/m_{C}\\1\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b22ac70222529025d9ce7c98872bba2edad136f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:62.653ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{(1)}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}},\qquad A^{(2)}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix}},\qquad A^{(3)}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\-2m_{O}/m_{C}\\1\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dadurch ergibt sich die allgemeine Lösung zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)={\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}}\left(x_{1}^{0}+C_{1}t\right)+\operatorname {Re} \left({\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix}}c_{2}\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\sqrt {\frac {D}{m_{O}}}}t\right)+{\begin{pmatrix}1\\-2m_{O}/m_{C}\\1\end{pmatrix}}c_{3}\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\sqrt {{\frac {D}{m_{O}}}\left(1+2{\frac {m_{O}}{m_{C}}}\right)}}t\right)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>D</mi>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>D</mi>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)={\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}}\left(x_{1}^{0}+C_{1}t\right)+\operatorname {Re} \left({\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix}}c_{2}\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\sqrt {\frac {D}{m_{O}}}}t\right)+{\begin{pmatrix}1\\-2m_{O}/m_{C}\\1\end{pmatrix}}c_{3}\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\sqrt {{\frac {D}{m_{O}}}\left(1+2{\frac {m_{O}}{m_{C}}}\right)}}t\right)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c62b29082aa4f86845e82fb7b9e8c347c559a54a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:113.296ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)={\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}}\left(x_{1}^{0}+C_{1}t\right)+\operatorname {Re} \left({\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix}}c_{2}\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\sqrt {\frac {D}{m_{O}}}}t\right)+{\begin{pmatrix}1\\-2m_{O}/m_{C}\\1\end{pmatrix}}c_{3}\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\sqrt {{\frac {D}{m_{O}}}\left(1+2{\frac {m_{O}}{m_{C}}}\right)}}t\right)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die erste Eigenschwingung ist die <a href="Translation_(Physik)" title="Translation (Physik)">Translation</a> des gesamten Moleküls, die zweite beschreibt die gegenläufige Schwingung der beiden äußeren Sauerstoffatome, während das Kohlenstoffatom in Ruhe bleibt, und die dritte die gleichförmige Schwingung der beiden äußeren, wobei das mittlere Atom gegenläufig schwingt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schwingende_Saite">Schwingende Saite</h3></div>
<p>Eine schwingende Saite besitzt unendlich viele Freiheitsgrade und entsprechend auch unendlich viele Eigenfrequenzen. Diese müssen jedoch den <a href="Randbedingung" title="Randbedingung">Randbedingungen</a> des Problems genügen. Die <a href="Wellengleichung" title="Wellengleichung">Wellengleichung</a> lautet
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{c_{k}^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial t^{2}}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msubsup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{c_{k}^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial t^{2}}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bff6a54d41cd78539bfe7f3ef840c5ceda5b5a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.16ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{c_{k}^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial t^{2}}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(x,t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(x,t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84e6a2bc1b46671c8ec2bd22f48f53e4aa6b9597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.342ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(x,t)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Auslenkung der Saite und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d2f8052630e67b00d04e3487e1d68ed7070470b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.096ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Phasengeschwindigkeit" title="Phasengeschwindigkeit">Phasengeschwindigkeit</a> der Welle ist. Die Lösung der Wellengleichung für ein festes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{k}(x,t)=\operatorname {Re} \left(c_{k}\exp(-\mathrm {i} (\omega _{k}t-kx))\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{k}(x,t)=\operatorname {Re} \left(c_{k}\exp(-\mathrm {i} (\omega _{k}t-kx))\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d71799b523e0301aaddb03c9c7bc8c79c9e90d76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.946ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{k}(x,t)=\operatorname {Re} \left(c_{k}\exp(-\mathrm {i} (\omega _{k}t-kx))\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle c_{k}={\frac {\omega _{k}}{k}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>k</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle c_{k}={\frac {\omega _{k}}{k}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46f8680fbf2b8a80a21f91d68c64609d9dbac712.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:7.912ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle c_{k}={\frac {\omega _{k}}{k}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Den Zusammenhang zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e636bf7531cecd91206a36f038cf869e7934932.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.535ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> nennt man die <a href="Dispersionsrelation" title="Dispersionsrelation">Dispersionsrelation</a> des Systems. Für eine Saite ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle c_{k}={\sqrt {S/\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle c_{k}={\sqrt {S/\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4aa012fdc1f33df54f4382ed5f3cc834cf9bcdd7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.381ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle c_{k}={\sqrt {S/\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Konstante, die von der <a href="Mechanische_Spannung" title="Mechanische Spannung">Spannung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> und der linearen Massendichte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> der Saite abhängt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Randbedingungen an die schwingende Saite ist, dass die Enden fest eingespannt sind und sich daher für eine Saite der Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(0,t)=u(L,t)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(0,t)=u(L,t)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a05ba7f8fbf2b652c269484a587c0a53a244eff4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.13ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(0,t)=u(L,t)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>sein muss. Dies führt zu der Randbedingung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k={\frac {\pi n}{L}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k={\frac {\pi n}{L}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce3783d7f6f6882d91350a81f89c29c46666594e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.873ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k={\frac {\pi n}{L}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit einem beliebigen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d059936e77a2d707e9ee0a1d9575a1d693ce5d0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.913ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> und somit abzählbar unendlich vielen verschiedenen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> und entsprechend vielen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e636bf7531cecd91206a36f038cf869e7934932.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.535ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Eigenfrequenzen der Saite sind daher
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{n}={\sqrt {\frac {S}{\rho }}}{\frac {\pi n}{L}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{n}={\sqrt {\frac {S}{\rho }}}{\frac {\pi n}{L}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6096e09bbabe2959196756ee16fb2174cde81aa1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:13.985ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{n}={\sqrt {\frac {S}{\rho }}}{\frac {\pi n}{L}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und die allgemeine Lösung der Wellengleichung ist eine Superposition über alle Eigenschwingungen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(x,t)=\operatorname {Re} \left(\sum _{n}c_{n}\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\frac {\pi n}{L}}\left({\sqrt {\frac {S}{\rho }}}t-x\right)\right)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(x,t)=\operatorname {Re} \left(\sum _{n}c_{n}\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\frac {\pi n}{L}}\left({\sqrt {\frac {S}{\rho }}}t-x\right)\right)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/515bf5fdb6bfb417934642ed4dd74611fcec6098.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:49.208ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(x,t)=\operatorname {Re} \left(\sum _{n}c_{n}\exp \left(-\mathrm {i} {\frac {\pi n}{L}}\left({\sqrt {\frac {S}{\rho }}}t-x\right)\right)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Normalschwingungen_von_Molekülen"><span id="Normalschwingungen_von_Molek.C3.BClen"></span>Normalschwingungen von Molekülen</h2></div>
<p>Ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>-atomiges <a href="Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül">Molekül</a> hat <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f05b2b88bb71a7fe6b449800d51de31683da674.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.226ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3N}" loading="lazy"></span> Freiheitsgrade. Davon sind 3 Translationsfreiheitsgrade und im Fall eines linearen Moleküls 2 bzw. im Fall eines gewinkelten Moleküls 3 Rotationsfreiheitsgrade. Somit verbleiben <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3N-5}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3N-5}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a68173e6cd39e59c1a0baf059e41c41e82cfb89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.229ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3N-5}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3N-6}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3N-6}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a75ea2e0a32f1b8db6dd8f42cc30bf84b694e77d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.229ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3N-6}" loading="lazy"></span> Vibrationsfreiheitsgrade, die zu Eigenfrequenzen ungleich Null korrespondieren. Die <a href="Symmetrie_(Physik)" title="Symmetrie (Physik)">Symmetrien</a> dieser <a href="Molek%C3%BClschwingung" title="Molekülschwingung">Molekülschwingungen</a> können durch die <a href="Gruppentheorie" title="Gruppentheorie">gruppentheoretischen</a> <a href="Charaktertafel" title="Charaktertafel">Charaktertafeln</a> beschrieben werden. Die Normalschwingungen einer entarteten, von Null verschiedenen Eigenfrequenz stellen eine <a href="Verkn%C3%BCpfungsbasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Verknüpfungsbasis">Basis</a> für eine <a href="Irreduzible_Darstellung" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreduzible Darstellung">irreduzible Darstellung</a> der <a href="Punktgruppe" title="Punktgruppe">Punktgruppe</a> des schwingenden Moleküls dar.
</p><p>Beim obigen Beispiel sind die anderen beiden Normalschwingungen die vernachlässigten transversalen Schwingungen der Atome in den beiden übrigen Raumrichtungen, die sich nicht in der Linie der Atome befinden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</h2></div>
<p>In der <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> wird der Zustand eines Systems durch einen <a href="Zustandsvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Zustandsvektor">Zustandsvektor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe09d6c91bfdbae7a3aaa7f0ae7ff6b96f521eca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> dargestellt, der eine Lösung der <a href="Schr%C3%B6dingergleichung" title="Schrödingergleichung">Schrödingergleichung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H|\psi (t)\rangle =\mathrm {i} \hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H|\psi (t)\rangle =\mathrm {i} \hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64e98680b878996ecbe0f471e2e94e8b8c12c583.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:21.536ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H|\psi (t)\rangle =\mathrm {i} \hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist. Wenn der <a href="Hamiltonoperator" title="Hamiltonoperator">Hamiltonoperator</a> nicht zeitabhängig ist, ist eine formale Lösung der Schrödingergleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =\exp \left(-{\tfrac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}Ht\right)|\psi (0)\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =\exp \left(-{\tfrac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}Ht\right)|\psi (0)\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3255c803fff05b1dd4f524dbcf22b0be6235ef3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:27.648ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =\exp \left(-{\tfrac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}Ht\right)|\psi (0)\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da der Hamiltonoperator ein vollständiges System von Eigenzuständen, den <a href="Energieeigenzustand" title="Energieeigenzustand">Energieeigenzuständen</a>, besitzt, kann in diesen entwickelt werden. Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H|n\rangle =E_{n}|n\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H|n\rangle =E_{n}|n\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27c3d8e2ffacf9ef93892480fc05a513f6d2bc64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.988ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H|n\rangle =E_{n}|n\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> folgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =\sum _{n}\exp \left(-{\tfrac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}E_{n}t\right)|n\rangle \langle n|\psi (0)\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =\sum _{n}\exp \left(-{\tfrac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}E_{n}t\right)|n\rangle \langle n|\psi (0)\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cd763c4a923d8976c6be15a35e306796b4f853d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:37.505ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =\sum _{n}\exp \left(-{\tfrac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}E_{n}t\right)|n\rangle \langle n|\psi (0)\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei beschreiben die quantenmechanischen Eigenfrequenzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{n}=E_{n}/\hbar }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{n}=E_{n}/\hbar }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d74524fb35cc2674238fc8f388326e26bd7301d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.165ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{n}=E_{n}/\hbar }" loading="lazy"></span> keine Schwingung im Ortsraum, sondern eine Rotation im <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a>, auf dem der Zustandsvektor definiert ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technische_Beispiele">Technische Beispiele</h2></div>

<ul><li>Eine Glocke, die angeschlagen wird, schwingt anschließend mit den Eigenfrequenzen. Durch <a href="Schalld%C3%A4mpfung" title="Schalldämpfung">Dämpfung</a> klingt die Schwingung über die Zeit ab. Dabei werden höhere Frequenzen schneller abgedämpft als tiefere.</li>
<li>Eine <a href="Stimmgabel" title="Stimmgabel">Stimmgabel</a> ist so konstruiert, dass außer der tiefsten Eigenfrequenz kaum weitere Eigenschwingungen angeregt werden.</li>
<li>In Gebäuden können Eigenfrequenzen angeregt werden. Wenn beim Nachbarn Musik läuft, kann es vorkommen, dass die Frequenz eines <a href="Bass_(Akustik)" title="Bass (Akustik)">Basstons</a> mit einer Eigenfrequenz des Raums zwischen der gemeinsamen Wand und einer parallelen Gebäudewand des eigenen Raums zusammenpasst (<a href="Raummode" title="Raummode">Raummoden</a>). Die von der Musik angeregten Schwingungen der Wand sind dann mitunter sogar dann hörbar, wenn die Musik anhand ihrer vielen entscheidenden höherfrequenten Töne im Wesentlichen nicht wahrnehmbar wäre.</li>
<li><a href="Trommel" title="Trommel">Trommeln</a> haben wie die meisten Musikinstrumente mehrere Eigenfrequenzen.</li>
<li>Bei <a href="Lautsprecher" title="Lautsprecher">Lautsprechern</a> verschlechtern die <a href="Partialschwingung" class="mw-redirect" title="Partialschwingung">Partialschwingungen</a> der Membranen die Wiedergabequalität.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Modalanalyse" title="Modalanalyse">Modalanalyse</a></li>
<li><a href="Mode_(Physik)" title="Mode (Physik)">Mode (Physik)</a></li>
<li><a href="Resonanz" title="Resonanz">Resonanz</a>, <a href="Resonanzkatastrophe" title="Resonanzkatastrophe">Resonanzkatastrophe</a>, <a href="Resonanzfrequenz" title="Resonanzfrequenz">Resonanzfrequenz</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Harro_Heuser" title="Harro Heuser">Harro Heuser</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen</cite>. 6. Auflage. <a href="Springer_Vieweg" title="Springer Vieweg">Vieweg+Teubner</a>, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8348-0705-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>293</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Eigenmode&amp;rft.au=Harro+Heuser&amp;rft.btitle=Gew%C3%B6hnliche+Differentialgleichungen&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.edition=6&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783834807052&amp;rft.pages=293&amp;rft.pub=Vieweg%2BTeubner" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Robert Gasch, Klaus Knothe, Robert Liebich: <cite style="font-style:italic">Strukturdynamik: Diskrete Systeme und Kontinua</cite>. 2. Auflage. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-540-88976-2.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Eigenmode&amp;rft.au=Robert+Gasch%2C+Klaus+Knothe%2C+Robert+Liebich&amp;rft.btitle=Strukturdynamik%3A+Diskrete+Systeme+und+Kontinua&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783540889762&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2FHeidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Dieter_Meschede" title="Dieter Meschede">Dieter Meschede</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Gerthsen_Physik" title="Gerthsen Physik">Gerthsen Physik</a></cite>. 23. Auflage. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 2006, ISBN 3-540-25421-8.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Eigenmode&amp;rft.au=Dieter+Meschede&amp;rft.btitle=Gerthsen+Physik&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=23&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3540254218&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2FHeidelberg%2FNew+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Hans-Ulrich Harten: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physik für Mediziner</cite>. 6. Auflage. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 1993, ISBN 3-540-56759-3.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Eigenmode&amp;rft.au=Hans-Ulrich+Harten&amp;rft.btitle=Physik+f%C3%BCr+Mediziner&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.edition=6&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3540567593&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2FHeidelberg%2FNew+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Torsten_Flie%C3%9Fbach" title="Torsten Fließbach">Torsten Fließbach</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mechanik</cite>. 6. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-8274-2148-7.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Eigenmode&amp;rft.au=Torsten+Flie%C3%9Fbach&amp;rft.btitle=Mechanik&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.edition=6&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783827421487&amp;rft.place=Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Julius Wess: <cite style="font-style:italic">Theoretische Mechanik</cite>. 2. Auflage. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-88574-0.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Eigenmode&amp;rft.au=Julius+Wess&amp;rft.btitle=Theoretische+Mechanik&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783540885740&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2FHeidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Rudolf_Zurm%C3%BChl" title="Rudolf Zurmühl">R. Zurmühl</a>, <a href="Sigurd_Falk" title="Sigurd Falk">S. Falk</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Matrizen und ihre Anwendungen 1</cite>. Grundlagen, Für Ingenieure, Physiker und Angewandte Mathematiker. Springer, Berlin u.&nbsp;a. 1997, ISBN 3-540-61436-2.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Eigenmode&amp;rft.au=R.+Zurm%C3%BChl%2C+S.+Falk&amp;rft.btitle=Matrizen+und+ihre+Anwendungen+1&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3540614362&amp;rft.place=Berlin+u.+a.&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-01-07" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Eigenmode&amp;oldid=252014902">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>

</body></html>